This is the more regrettable since the history of a section of the plateau, elam, cannot be neglected by any serious student of the ancient near east. Ahmad kasravi s history of the iranian constitutional revolution chronicles this event and the ensuing struggles. In 1979, the islamic republic of iran became the first country in the world to include a declaration for the preservation of the environment in its. In legislating the constitution and its supplement, the majority of the majlis believed that the main obstacle to freedom was arbitrary rule. Iran islamic republic ofs constitution of 1979 with amendments through 1989. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran wikipedia. Pdf a comparative overview of the iranian constitutions. The constitution of islamic republic of iran iran chamber. Rule of the pahlavi royal family reza shah and son muhammad reza shah the rule of the first pahlavi monarch comes about as a result of a military coup in 1921. Excessive violence and the arrest of intellectuals and democrats by einoddowleh led to the immigration of scholars and religious students to qom and the sit in of businessmen at the british embassy in tehran. Article 12 of the iranian constitution ic of 15 november 1979, including the amendments of 28 july 1989, official gazette ruznameye rasmi no. Pdf the constitutional movement and the bahais of iran. Pdf this article looks at the role of the bahais in the constitutional revolution of iran, 19061911. The people of iran regardless of ethnic and tribal origin enjoy equal rights.
After the 1979 overthrow of the pahlavi dynasty by the islamic revolution, the system was greatly altered. Charter on august 5, 1906 bythe people s rebellion. After a brief sketch of the historical background, the mutual impact of islam and constitutionalism is examined by looking closely at the process of constitution making. For instance, article 19 of the constitution states. This sentiment caused the constitutional revolution. The iranian constitution of 1906 and its supplement of 1907 are complex documents which emanated from a complicated political context. Weaving iran into the tree of nations charles kurzman. Prior to the qajars, what is now iran was the center of several persian empires and dynasties whose reach shrank steadily over time. In 1909, bakhtiari tribal forces under his command successfully captured tehran as part of the revolutionary campaign to force the central government to establish democratic.
The iranian constitution 51 articles in the funda mental law of 1906 and 107 articles in the supple mentary law of 1907was from the beginning an uneasy compromise between secular and religious interests. Irans 1906 constitution and its supplement irans first constitution, which established the electoral system, charter of rights, and overall system of governance. Apr 16, 2019 the bases of the persian constitution, namely, 9. Dabashi calls this event the beginning of modern iran, when the absolute monarchy becomes a constitutional monarchy 71. This carpet, later donated to the victoria and albert museum in london, contained virtually identical inscriptions to the 1907 carpet, including the. The legal code is now based on islamic law or sharia, although many aspects of civil law have been retained, and it is integrated into a civil law legal system.
The iranian constitutional revolution, 1906 1911 0th edition. History of the iranian constitutional revolution, vol. Policy and options congressional research service 1 political history iran is a country of nearly 80 million people, located in the heart of the persian gulf region. The constitutional revolution in persia 1906 history of islam. History of the bahai community of iran 18531921 moojan momen. Ethnic and religious minorities summary iran is home to approximately 70. The first session was held in october 1906 in the iranian history and the first constitution of the persian history was achieved as the supplementary terms of basic law were passed in this conference. Weaving iran into the tree of nations 9 completing a full circle of cultural references, since watteaus painting itself included iranianinspired costumes. The constitution governing movement in iran from 1905 to1911 happened in the. Irans 1906 constitution constitution and its supplement the fundamental law of persia promulgated in the reign of the late muzaffaruddin shah and ratified by him on dhulqada 14, a. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran was adopted by referendum on 2 and 3 december 1979, and went into force replacing the constitution of 1906. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran advances the cultural, social, political, and economic institutions of iranian society based on islamic principles and norms, which represent an honest aspiration of the islamic ummah. The constitution, having regard to the islamic contents of the iranian revolution, which was a movement for the victory of all the oppressed over the arrogant, provides a basis for the continuation of that revolution both inside and outside the country.
All relevant documents including primary sources such as the constitution of 1906 and the publications of shia writers in the period of. Constitutional revolution iran oxford islamic studies. Such narrative, as elisabeth edwards puts it, is constructed through, on the one hand, honorific portraits of leaders and great men. This section contains all the modern state constitutions of iran, starting with 1906. Iran constitution of 1906 wikisource, the free online. Constitutional revolution iranian history britannica. He is credited with the creation of the iranian constitution, and often wrongly credited with the rise of the persian constitutional revolution. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran wikisource.
Democracy and lawfulness in the iranian constitutional revolution. First term october 7th, 1906 june 23rd, 1908 the most important task undertaken by the first majlis was drafting and ratification of the constitution on december 30th, 1906. Course description the course will deal with the interaction between islam and politics in the modern middle east 19th and 20th centuries. Irans constitutional revolution of 1906 and narratives of the. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran persian. Politics and the state in the islamic republic by asghar schirazi. It will analyze the formation of religious approaches to politics and government. On october 17th, 1907 it drafted and ratified the constitutional amendments. Irans 1906 constitution foundation for iranian studies. The first majlis were created as a result in 1906, granting power to popularclass guilds. Iran s 1906 constitution constitution and its supplement the fundamental law of persia promulgated in the reign of the late muzaffaruddin shah and ratified by him on dhulqada 14, a. Among the contributors were mehdi bazargan, and his minister of state for revolutionary affairs, yadollah sahabi.
Preamble to the 1979 iranian constitution original electronic texts at the international constitutional law web site. State, power and longterm trends in the iranian constitution of. Constitutional revolution during the early 1900s the only way to save country from government corruption and foreign manipulation was to make a written code of laws. The iranian constitutional revolution 1906 only clear. A key figure in the iranian constitutional revolution the conflict led to sit in the shah mosque and then at the holy shrine of abdolazim. Preamble to the 1979 iranian constitution hanover college. The iranian constitutional revolution 1906 only clear causation from russia to from psc 1001 at george washington university. A comparative overview of the iranian constitutions of 1906 07 and 1979.
Iran s 1906 constitution and its supplement iran s first constitution, which established the electoral system, charter of rights, and overall system of governance. The 190607 iranian constitution and the constitutional. After ththe 16 century, iranian empires lost control of bahrain 1521, baghdad. This aspiration was exemplified by the nature of the great islamic revolution of iran, and by the. According to iran s constitution, the supreme leader of iran, appointed for life by the assembly of experts, is responsible for the delineation and supervision of the general policies of the islamic republic of iran. Notes on the history of iran kent state university libraries. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. Ayatollah ruhollah khomeini 19791989 ayatollah ali khamenei since 1989 the most important figure in the iranian political system is the valiye faqih, an expert in religious law, who is referred to in the constitution as the supreme leader rahbar of the islamic revolution. The united states was an ally of the late shah of iran, mohammad reza pahlavi the shah, who ruled from 1941 until his ouster in february 1979. The constitution has been called a hybrid of theocratic and democratic elements.
Exporting the revolution in irans constitution and the mahdi. Irans 1906 constitution and its supplement tavaana. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran advances the cultural, social, political, and economic institutions of iranian society based on islamic principles and norms, which represent an. In the absence of a single leader, a council of religious leaders is appointed. May 16, 2017 quoting the iranian constitutions preamble that the mission of the constitution is. There had been a series of ongoing covert and overt activities against naser odin shahs despotic rule, for which many had lost their lives. There was a lot of constitutional monarchies in the west at that time.
Citizenship of iran is the unquestioned right of all iranians. The central authority is dominated by persians who constitute 51% of iran s population. Irans constitutional revolution and religious reactions to it. A new constitution of the islamic republic of iran was adopted in 1979. Constitutional revolution iran iranian revolution, 1905 11, caused by dissatisfaction with economic stagnation, influence of western power, and results of the russojapanese war of 1904 05 and the russian revolution of 1905. Wikipedia article, wikidata item as translated in the persian revolution of 19051909 1910 amendments were made in 1949, 1963, and in 1967.
In this revolution azeri people and political figures like satar khan wanted iran to adopt constitution. Celebrating the constitutional revolution of 19051911 and. John okane article pdf available in iranian studies 373. Nazeer ahmed, phd the constitutional revolution in persia was the first mass movement of the 20th century in the islamic world. Sardar asad ii 18561917 was an iranian revolutionary, a leader of bakhtiari haft lang tribe, and one of the primary figures of the persian constitutional revolution. Constitutional revolution iran oxford islamic studies online. The constitutional revolution of iran in 1906 resulted in a constitution that established a parliament and a constitutional monarchy. Qajars to form irans first majles parliament in august 1906 and promulgate a constitution in december 1906.
The legitimation of the clergys right to rule in the. Prior to the qajars, what is now iran was the center of several persian empires and dynasties whose reach shrunk steadily over time. Iranian constitution 1906 pdf download download iranian constitutioniranian constitutional revolutioniranian constitution 1906iranian constitution 1979iranian. Thirty of them shall be nominated on the part of his imperial majesty fifteen of the people of. Iran islamic republic ofs constitution of 1979 with. A comparative overview of the iranian constitutions of. It divides into five chapters with many articles that developed over several years. Prior to the qajars, what is now iran was the center of several persian empires and dynasties whose reach had shrunk steadily over time. Iran constitution of 1906 wikisource, the free online library. A history of modern iran in a radical reappraisal of iran s modern history, ervand abrahamian traces its traumatic journey across the twentieth century, through the. Article 42 foreign nationals may within the limits of the law take up iranian citizenship. The present study endeavors to present the facts about early elamite and iranian history in. Unanimously, the iranian people declared their final and firm decision, in the referendum on the islamic republic, to bring about a new political system, that of the islamic republic.
According to the constitution of the islamic republic, the judiciary in iran is an independent power. Mozaffar addin shah qajar 23 march 1853 3 january 1907 was the fifth qajar king of iran. In 1906, it forced the shah to grant iran a constitution and soon a parliament majlis was elected both firsts in the muslim world. The legitimation of the clergys right to rule in the iranian. The iranian constitution provided the basis for establishment of such a system of power, which later became known as islamic fundamentalism, since it referred back to the roots of islam as seen by the eyes of its original creator, muhammad himself. Bazargan, a group of layreligious leaders started work on a new constitution, based on iran s 1906 constitution and the french fifth republic. The supplementary fundamental laws of october 7, 1907. Interestingly, it was based on the belgian constitution.
The europeaninfluenced secularists fre quently gave a religious shading to their arguments in order to attract the support of the clergy. During the revolution of 1979 a new constitution was promulgated. The relation between international law, islamic law and. Was there any reason that belgium was particularly chosen as a model. Constitutions and constitutional debates iran data portal.
A brief analytical synoptic overview of world constitutions is also presented in order to obtain a balanced view of the process of constitutionalism and popular suffrage for men and women. Efforts toward satisfactory reform were continually stifled, however, amid reemerging social tensions as well as foreign intervention from russia, the united kingdom, and, later, the united states. The constitutional revolution in persia 1906 history. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran wikiquote.
Aug 02, 2016 a key figure in the iranian constitutional revolution the conflict led to sit in the shah mosque and then at the holy shrine of abdolazim. The fundamental law of persia promulgated in the reign of. Color, race, language, and the like will not be cause for privilege. This file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran, setting forth as it does the political.
The constitution of the islamic republic of iran is a declaration of the social, cultural, political, and economic foundations of the iranian society based on islamic principles and norms that re. During the first constitutional period august 1906 d june 1908, the major concern of the first majlis was to establish the rule of law. The article includes scientific english translation of the following documents. It brought to the surface all the political and social currents that have shaped islamic history in the last centurynationalism, panislamism, the role of the ulema, international economic penetration, colonialism. Prelude to revolution previously come together in the constitutional revolution of 190511. The early iranian constitution of 1906 1907 was also not devoid of.
Ruhollah khomeinis ancestors migrated towards the end of the 18th century from their original home in nishapur, khorasan province, in northeastern part of iran, for a short stay, to the kingdom of awadh a region in the modern state of uttar pradesh, india whose rulers were twelver shia muslims of also nishapur origin. After the 16th century, iranian empires lost control of bahrain 1521, baghdad. Bazargan, a group of layreligious leaders started work on a new constitution, based on irans 1906 constitution and the french fifth republic. From its inception in 1906 until 1979 when the constitution was formally abolished, time and again, the despotic kings mohammadali shah qajar, reza shah pahlavi and mohammad reza pahlavi continuously violated it.
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